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A late bloomer is a person whose talents or capabilities are not visible to others until later than usual.〔(Yourdictionary.com )〕〔(Dictionary.com )〕〔(Collinsdictionary.com )〕 The term is used metaphorically to describe a child or adolescent who develops slower than others in their age group, but eventually catches up and in some cases overtakes their peers, or an adult whose talent or genius in a particular field only appears later in life than is normal – in some cases only in old age. This article discusses late-blooming children, adolescents, and adults. ==Children== "Late Bloomer" is commonly used to refer to young children who develop skills such as language, reading, or social interaction later than others of their age. There are many theories of the way in which children develop, proposed by authorities such as Urie Bronfenbrenner,〔("Urie Bronfenbrenner, father of Head Start program and pre-eminent 'human ecologist,' dies at age 88" ) Cornell University 26 September 2005〕 Jerome Bruner,〔Bruner, J. S. & Goodman, C. C. (1947). Value and need as organizing factors in perception. ''Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology'', 42, 33–44. (Available online at the Classics in the History of Psychology archive )〕 Erik Erikson, Jerome Kagan, Lawrence Kohlberg, Jean Piaget,〔 *Piaget, J. (1977). "The essential Piaget" ed by Howard E. Gruber and J. Jacques Voneche Gruber, New York: Basic Books〕 and Lev Vygotsky. Although they disagree about how stages of development should be defined, and about the primary influences on development, they agree that a child's development can be measured as a predictable series of advances in physical, intellectual and social skills which almost always occur in the same sequence, although the rate may vary from one child to another. When a child falls behind their peers at some stage of development, their teacher may perceive that the child is "backward". There is strong evidence that this perception may become self-fulfilling: although the child catches up, the teacher may continue to rate their performance poorly, imposing a long-term handicap.〔("Early Teacher Perceptions and Later Student Academic Achievement" ) Journal of Educational Psychology, 1999〕 Thomas Edison's mind often wandered and his teacher was overheard calling him "addled." This ended Edison's three months of official schooling. His mother then home schooled him.〔("Thomas Edison biography" ) ProjectShum.org. Retrieved 8 January 2008〕 Edison may have had some form of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which the American Psychiatric Institute says affects about 3 – 5% of children.〔("Why does the worldwide prevalence of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder matter?" ) American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved 8 January 2009.〕 A notable example of a child who overcame early developmental problems is Albert Einstein, who suffered from speech difficulties as a young child. Other late-talking children who became highly successful engineers, mathematicians, and scientists include the physicists Richard Feynman and Edward Teller.〔Stanley A. Blumberg and Louis G. Panos. ''Edward Teller: giant of the golden age of physics; a biography'' (Scribner's, 1990)〕 Neuroscientist Steven Pinker postulates that a certain form of language delay may in fact be associated with exceptional and innate analytical prowess in some individuals. Dyslexia is a learning disability that may affect 3–10% of children. It is thought to be the result of a genetically inherited neurological difference from "normal" children, and has been diagnosed in people of all levels of intelligence. Studies indicate that 20% to 35% of U.S. and British entrepreneurs have the condition: by definition, late bloomers. Researchers theorise that dyslexic entrepreneurs may attain success by delegating responsibilities and excelling at verbal communication. Richard Branson, known for his Virgin brand of over 360 companies is a notable example,〔Branson, Richard. ''Losing My Virginity: How I've Survived, Had Fun, And Made a Fortune Doing Business My Way'', 1999, Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-8129-3229-3〕 as is Charles R. Schwab the founder and CEO of the Charles Schwab Corporation.〔(Charles Schwab's Secret Struggle ) Stanford Magazine: March/April 1999. Retrieved 7 January 2008〕 Pablo Picasso, Tom Cruise, and Whoopi Goldberg are other examples of dyslexics, considered "slow" as children.〔("Dyslexic? You're not alone..." ) dyslexiaonline.com. Retrieved 7 January 2009.〕 The autism spectrum of psychological conditions affects about 0.6% of children, characterized by widespread abnormalities of social interactions and communication, severely restricted interests, and highly repetitive behavior. Notable individuals with autism spectrum disorders include Tim Page, a Pulitzer Prize-winning critic and author and Vernon L. Smith, a Nobel Laureate in economics. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「late bloomer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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